Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kanye nethuluzi kuyitiyori nobuchwepheshe obufunda ukutholwa nokucubungula ulwazi kanye nokulawulwa kwezinto ezihlobene.“Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kanye namathuluzi” kubhekisela ezindleleni namathuluzi okuqoqa ulwazi, ukulinganisa, ukugcinwa, ukudluliswa, ukucubungula nokulawula, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula, namathuluzi nezinhlelo eziqalisa lobu buchwepheshe.
I-Measurement and Control Technology
Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kanye namathuluzi asekelwe emishinini enembayo, ubuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi, i-optics, ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.Ifunda kakhulu imigomo emisha, izindlela nezinqubo zokuhlola ukunemba nokulawula ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene.Eminyakeni yamuva, ubuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha budlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni lohlelo lokulinganisa nokulawula ubuchwepheshe.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula buwubuchwepheshe bokufaka isicelo obusetshenziswa ngokuqondile ekukhiqizeni nasekuphileni, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene yokuphila komphakathi “njengesisindo sezolimo, ulwandle, umhlaba nomoya, ukudla nezingubo”.I-Instrumentation technology "iwukuphindaphinda" komnotho wezwe, "isikhulu sokuqala" socwaningo lwesayensi, "amandla okulwa" kwezempi, kanye "nejaji lezinto ezibonakalayo" emithethweni yezomthetho.Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola nokulawula ngekhompuyutha kanye namathuluzi nezinhlelo zokulinganisa ezihlakaniphile nezinembayo ziyizimpawu nezindlela ezibalulekile emkhakheni wokukhiqiza kwezimboni nezolimo zesimanje, ucwaningo lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukuphatha, ukuhlola nokuqapha, futhi zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa Kokukala Nokulawula Ubuchwepheshe kanye Nobuchwepheshe Bezinsimbi
Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswayo, obusetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimboni, ezolimo, ezokuthutha, ukuhamba, ukuhamba ngezindiza, ezempi, amandla kagesi kanye nempilo yomphakathi.Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula budlala indima ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokulawula kusukela ekulawuleni kokuqala kweyodwa kanye nemishini yayo, ekulawuleni yonke inqubo, ngisho nohlelo, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe banamuhla. emkhakheni wezesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje.
Embonini ye-metallurgical, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kuhlanganisa: ukulawulwa kwesithando somlilo esishisayo, ukulawula ukushaja nokulawula isithando somlilo esiqhumisayo inqubo yokwenza insimbi, ukulawula ingcindezi, ukulawula isivinini sokugaya, ukulawula ikhoyili, njll. inqubo yokugoqa insimbi, kanye amathuluzi okutholwa ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa lapho.
Embonini yamandla kagesi, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kufaka phakathi uhlelo lokulawula ukushiswa kwebhayela, ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo, ukuvikela okuzenzakalelayo, ukulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nohlelo lokulawula uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo lwe-turbine ye-steam, kanye nesistimu yokulawula okokufaka nokukhishwa kwamandla kagesi. injini.
Embonini yamalahle, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kuhlanganisa: ithuluzi lokugawula i-coalbed methane ohlelweni lwezimayini zamalahle, ithuluzi lokuthola ukwakheka komoya emayini, umtshina wegesi wasemayini, uhlelo lokuqapha ukuphepha ngaphansi komhlaba, njll., ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokucisha i-coke kanye nokulawula ukutholwa kwegesi inqubo yokucwenga amalahle, ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokucwenga, ukulawulwa kokuhanjiswa kwemishini yokukhiqiza, njll.
Embonini ye-petroleum, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kufaka phakathi: indawo kazibuthe, imitha yokuqukethwe kwamanzi, i-pressure gauge nezinye izinsimbi zokulinganisa ezisekela ubuchwepheshe bokugawulwa kwemithi enqubweni yokukhiqiza uwoyela, uhlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi, uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamanzi, uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngomusi, uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngegesi. , Isitoreji kanye nesistimu yokuthutha kanye nesistimu yokwelapha imfucuza emithathu kanye nezinsimbi zokuthola inombolo enkulu yemingcele kwinqubo yokukhiqiza eqhubekayo.
Embonini yamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kuhlanganisa: ukukalwa kwezinga lokushisa, ukugeleza kokugeleza, ukukalwa kwezinga le-liquid, ukugxila, i-acidity, umswakama, ukuminyana, i-turbidity, inani le-calorific kanye nezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zegesi exubile.Amathuluzi okulawula alawula njalo amapharamitha alawulwayo, njll.
Embonini yemishini, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kufaka phakathi: ukunemba amathuluzi omshini wokulawula idijithali, imigqa yokukhiqiza ezenzakalelayo, amarobhothi ezimboni, njll.
Embonini ye-aerospace, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kufaka phakathi: ukukalwa kwemingcele efana nokuphakama kwendiza yendiza, isivinini sendiza, isimo sendiza nendlela eya kuyo, ukusheshisa, ukugcwala ngokweqile, nesimo senjini, ubuchwepheshe bezimoto zasemkhathini, ubuchwepheshe bemikhumbi-mkhathi, kanye nesilinganiso somkhathi. nokulawula ubuchwepheshe.Linda.
Emishinini yezempi, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kufaka phakathi: izikhali eziqondiswa ngokunemba, izinhlamvu ezihlakaniphile, uhlelo lomyalo oluzenzakalelayo lwezempi (uhlelo lwe-C4IRS), amathuluzi ezempi angaphandle (njengokuqaphela amasosha ahlukahlukene, ukuxhumana, isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi, amasathelayithi okuzulazula, njll. .).
Ukwakhiwa Nokuthuthukiswa Kokukala Nokulawula Ubuchwepheshe
Amaqiniso omlando wokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe Umlando wokuqonda komuntu kanye nokuguqulwa kwemvelo nawo uyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wempucuko yomuntu.Ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kuqala kuncike ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa.Isayensi yemvelo yanamuhla iqala ngokulinganisa ngomqondo wangempela.Ososayensi abaningi abavelele baphupha ngokuba abasunguli bezinsimbi zesayensi nabasunguli bezindlela zokulinganisa.Inqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa iqhuba ngqo inqubekelaphambili yesayensi nobuchwepheshe.
Inguquko yokuqala yezobuchwepheshe
Ngekhulu le-17 nele-18, ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula babuqala ukuvela.Ezinye izazi zefiziksi eYurophu zaqala ukusebenzisa amandla okusebenza kwamandla kazibuthe ukuze zenze ama-galvanometer alula, futhi zisebenzisa amalensi okukhanya ukuze zenze izibonakude, ngaleyo ndlela zabeka isisekelo sezinsimbi zikagesi nezamehlo.Ngawo-1760, uguquko lokuqala lwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe lwaqala e-United Kingdom.Kuze kube sekhulwini le-19, inguquko yokuqala yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe yanda eYurophu, eMelika naseJapane.Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ezinye izinsimbi zokulinganisa ezilula, ezifana nezinsimbi zokulinganisa ubude, izinga lokushisa, ukucindezela, njll., zisetshenzisiwe.Empilweni, umkhiqizo omkhulu udaliwe.
Uguquko lwesibili lwezobuchwepheshe
Uchungechunge lwentuthuko emkhakheni we-electromagnetism ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 lwaqala inguquko yesibili kwezobuchwepheshe.Ngenxa yokusungulwa kwethuluzi lokulinganisa amandla kagesi, i-electromagnetism yafakwa emgudwini ofanele, futhi ukutholakala okukodwa ngemva kokunye kwakhula.Izinto eziningi ezisunguliwe emkhakheni we-electromagnetism, njenge-telegraph, ucingo, i-generator, njll., zibe nomthelela ekufikeni kwenkathi kagesi.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izisetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisa nokubheka nazo ziyavela, njenge-theodolite yesigaba sokuqala esinembayo esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuphakama ngaphambi kuka-1891.
Inguquko yesithathu kwezobuchwepheshe
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, isidingo esiphuthumayo sobuchwepheshe obuphezulu emazweni ahlukahlukene sakhuthaza ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza busuka emishinini evamile iye ekufakeni ugesi kanye nemishini ezishintshayo, futhi kwenziwa uchungechunge lwempumelelo enkulu ocwaningweni lwethiyori yesayensi.
Ngalesi sikhathi, imboni yokukhiqiza emelwe yimikhiqizo ye-electromechanical yaqala ukukhula ngokwezimboni.Izici zokukhiqiza ngobuningi bemikhiqizo ukusebenza okujikelezayo kanye nokusebenza kokugeleza.Ukuze wenze lokhu kube okuzenzakalelayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kutholwe ngokuzenzakalelayo indawo ye-workpiece phakathi nesigaba sokuqeda sokucubungula nokukhiqiza., usayizi, umumo, ukuma noma ukusebenza, njll. Ukuze wenze lokhu, inani elikhulu lamadivayisi okulinganisa nokulawula liyadingeka.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhuphuka kwemboni yamakhemikhali nge-petroleum njengempahla eluhlaza kudinga inani elikhulu lamathuluzi okulinganisa nokulawula.Izinsimbi ezizenzakalelayo zaqala ukwenziwa zifane, futhi uhlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo lwakhiwa lapho kudingeka.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuluzi omshini we-CNC nobuchwepheshe berobhothi nawo azalwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi, lapho ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kanye nezinsimbi zinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, i-instrumentation isiyithuluzi lobuchwepheshe elibalulekile lokulinganisa, ukulawula kanye nokuzishintshanisa, kusukela ekukaleni okulula nokubheka.Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezici ezihlukahlukene, i-instrumentation inwetshiwe isuka emikhakheni evamile yohlelo lokusebenza yaya ezinkambini ezingezona ezesiko ezifana ne-biomedicine, indawo ezungezile, kanye ne-bioengineering.
Kusukela ngekhulunyaka lama-21, inani elikhulu lezimpumelelo zakamuva, njengemiphumela yocwaningo lwemishini yokunemba kwe-nano-scale, imiphumela yocwaningo lwamakhemikhali yesimanje yeleveli yamangqamuzana, imiphumela yocwaningo lwebhayoloji yezinga lofuzo, kanye nokunemba okuphezulu kokusebenza okukhethekile kocwaningo lwezinto zokusebenza. imiphumela kanye nomhlaba wonke Imiphumela yokuthandwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi iphume ngokulandelana, okuwushintsho olubalulekile emkhakheni wezinsimbi futhi ikhuthaza ukuvela kwenkathi entsha yezinsimbi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu nezihlakaniphile.
Izinzwa kumasistimu wokulinganisa nokulawula
Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokulinganisa nokulawula luqukethe izinzwa, iziguquli ezimaphakathi namarekhoda esibonisi.Inzwa ithola futhi iguqule inani elilinganisiwe lomzimba libe linanini elilinganisiwe lomzimba.Isiguquli esimaphakathi siyahlaziya, sicubungule futhi siguqule okukhiphayo kwenzwa ibe isignali engamukelwa ithuluzi elilandelayo, futhi iyikhiphele kwamanye amasistimu, noma ikalwa yisiqophi sokubonisa.Imiphumela iyavezwa futhi irekhodwe.
Inzwa iyisixhumanisi sokuqala sesistimu yokulinganisa.Ngohlelo lokulawula, uma ikhompuyutha iqhathaniswa nobuchopho, khona-ke inzwa ilingana nezinzwa ezinhlanu, ezithinta ngokuqondile ukunemba kokulawula kwesistimu.
Inzwa ngokuvamile yakhiwe ngezinto ezibucayi, amafayela okuguqulwa, namasekhethi okuguqula.Inani elilinganisiwe lizwakala ngokuqondile into ebucayi, futhi ukuguqulwa kwevelu yepharamitha ethile ngokwayo kunobudlelwane obuqondile noshintsho lwenani elilinganisiwe, futhi le pharamitha kulula ukuyikala nokuphuma;khona-ke ukukhishwa kwesici esibucayi siguqulwa sibe ipharamitha kagesi ngento yokuguqula;Ekugcineni, umjikelezo wokuguqulwa ukhulisa imingcele kagesi okukhiphayo ngento yokuguqula futhi iguqule ibe amasignali kagesi awusizo alungele ukubonisa, ukurekhoda, ukucubungula nokulawula.
Isimo Samanje Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezinzwa Ezintsha
Ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa bungobunye bobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu obukhula ngokushesha emhlabeni namuhla.Inzwa entsha ayiphishekeli kuphela ukunemba okuphezulu, ububanzi obukhulu, ukuthembeka okuphezulu nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, kodwa futhi ithuthukela ekuhlanganiseni, i-miniaturization, i-digitization kanye nokuhlakanipha.
1. Uhlakaniphile
Ukuhlakanipha kwenzwa kubhekisela ekuhlanganiseni kwemisebenzi yezinzwa ezivamile kanye nemisebenzi yamakhompiyutha noma ezinye izingxenye ukuze zakhe umhlangano ozimele, ongenawo nje kuphela umsebenzi wokuthatha ulwazi nokuguqulwa kwesignali, kodwa futhi unamandla okucubungula idatha. , ukuhlaziywa kwesinxephezelo kanye nokuthathwa kwezinqumo.
2. Inethiwekhi
Inethiwekhi yenzwa ukwenza inzwa ibe nomsebenzi wokuxhuma nenethiwekhi yekhompiyutha, ibone ukudluliswa kolwazi olude kanye nekhono lokucubungula, okungukuthi, ukubona isilinganiso "somkhathizwe" sesilinganiso. kanye nohlelo lokulawula.
3. I-Miniaturization
Inani elincane lenzwa linciphisa kakhulu ivolumu yenzwa ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi umsebenzi awushintshile noma uthuthukisiwe.I-Miniaturization iyisidingo sesimanje sokulinganisa ukunemba nokulawula.Empeleni, usayizi omncane wenzwa, umthelela omncane entweni elinganisiwe kanye nemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncane, futhi kulula ukuzuza isilinganiso esinembile.
4. Ukuhlanganisa
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa kubhekisela ekuhlanganisweni kwezindlela ezimbili ezilandelayo:
(1) Ukuhlanganiswa kwamapharamitha wokulinganisa amaningi kungakala amapharamitha amaningi.
(2) Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa kanye namasekethe alandelayo, okungukuthi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezibucayi, izingxenye zokuguqulwa, amasekhethi okuguqula ngisho nokunikezwa kwamandla ku-chip efanayo, ukuze ibe nokusebenza okuphezulu.
5. Ukwenza idijithali
Inani ledijithali lenzwa liwukuthi ulwazi olukhishwa yinzwa luyinani ledijithali, elingakwazi ukubona ukudluliswa kwebanga elide nokunemba okuphezulu, futhi lingaxhunywa kumishini yokucubungula yedijithali njengekhompyutha ngaphandle kwezixhumanisi eziphakathi nendawo.
Ukuhlanganiswa, ubuhlakani, i-miniaturization, inethiwekhi kanye ne-digitization yezinzwa azizimele, kodwa ziyahambisana futhi zihlobene, futhi akukho mngcele ocacile phakathi kwazo.
Ukulawula Ubuchwepheshe Kusistimu Yokulinganisa Nokulawula
I-Basic Control Theory
1. Ithiyori yokulawula yakudala
Ithiyori yokulawula yakudala ihlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu: ithiyori yokulawula eqondile, ithiyori yokulawula amasampula, kanye nethiyori yokulawula engaqondile.I-Classical Cybernetics ithatha i-Laplace transform futhi u-Z iguqule njengamathuluzi ezibalo, futhi ithatha isistimu engaguquki eyokufakwayo eyodwa-yokuphumayo njengento eyinhloko yocwaningo.Isibalo esihlukanisayo esichaza isistimu siguqulelwa kusizinda senombolo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuguqulwa kwe-Laplace noma u-Z, futhi umsebenzi wokudlulisa wesistimu uyatholakala.Futhi ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wokudlulisa, indlela yocwaningo ye-trajectory kanye nemvamisa, egxile ekuhlaziyeni ukuzinza kanye nokunemba kwesimo esingashintshi sohlelo lokulawula impendulo.
2. Ithiyori Yokulawula Yesimanje
Ithiyori yokulawula yesimanje iyithiyori yokulawula esekelwe endleleni yendawo yesifunda, okuyingxenye eyinhloko yethiyori yokulawula okuzenzakalelayo.Kuthiyori yokulawula yesimanje, ukuhlaziya nokuklama kohlelo lokulawula kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuchaza ukuguquguquka kwesimo sohlelo, futhi indlela eyisisekelo yindlela yesizinda sesikhathi.Ithiyori yokulawula yesimanje ingabhekana nohlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezinkinga zokulawula kunethiyori yokulawula yakudala, okuhlanganisa amasistimu aqondile nangaqondile, amasistimu amile futhi ashintshashintsha isikhathi, amasistimu aguquguqukayo owodwa kanye nezinhlelo eziguquguqukayo eziningi.Izindlela nama-algorithms ewasebenzisayo nawo afaneleka kakhulu kumakhompyutha edijithali.Ithiyori yokulawula yesimanje iphinde inikeze ithuba lokuklama nokwakha amasistimu okulawula alungile anezinkomba zokusebenza ezicacisiwe.
Isistimu yokulawula
Uhlelo lokulawula lwakhiwe ngamadivayisi okulawula (okuhlanganisa izilawuli, ama-actuator nezinzwa) kanye nezinto ezilawulwayo.Idivayisi yokulawula ingaba umuntu noma umshini, okuwumehluko phakathi kokulawula okuzenzakalelayo nokulawula okwenziwa ngesandla.Ngohlelo lokulawula okuzenzakalelayo, ngokwemigomo yokulawula ehlukene, lungahlukaniswa lube uhlelo oluvulekile lokulawula iluphu kanye nesistimu yokulawula iluphu evaliwe;ngokwezigaba zamasiginali anikeziwe, ingahlukaniswa ibe yisistimu yokulawula inani engaguquki, isistimu yokulawula yokulandelela kanye nohlelo lokulawula uhlelo.
Ubuchwepheshe bensimbi ebonakalayo
Ithuluzi lokulinganisa liyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yokulinganisa nokulawula, ehlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: ithuluzi elizimele kanye nethuluzi elibonakalayo.
Ithuluzi elizimele liqoqa, licubungule, futhi likhiphe isignali yensimbi ku-chassis ezimele, linephaneli yokusebenza nezimbobo ezihlukahlukene, futhi yonke imisebenzi ikhona ngohlobo lwehadiwe noma i-firmware, enquma ukuthi ithuluzi elizimele lingachazwa kuphela umenzi., ilayisensi, umsebenzisi angeke akwazi ukuyishintsha.
Ithuluzi elibonakalayo liqedela ukuhlaziya nokucutshungulwa kwesignali, ukuvezwa kanye nokuphumayo komphumela kukhompuyutha, noma ifaka ikhadi lokutholwa kwedatha kukhompuyutha, futhi ikhipha izingxenye ezintathu zethuluzi kukhompuyutha, egqekeza ngendlela evamile. izinsimbi.umkhawulo.
Izici Zobuchwepheshe Zamathuluzi Abonakalayo
1. Imisebenzi enamandla, ukuhlanganisa ukusekelwa kwe-hardware enamandla yamakhompiyutha, ukweqa imikhawulo yamathuluzi endabuko ekucubunguleni, ekuboniseni nasekugcinweni.Ukucushwa okujwayelekile yilokhu: iphrosesa esebenza kahle kakhulu, isibonisi esinokulungiswa okuphezulu, i-hard disk enomthamo omkhulu.
2. Izinsiza zesofthiwe yekhompiyutha ziyaqaphela ukufakwa kwesofthiwe kwezinye izingxenyekazi zemishini, zonga izinsiza ezibonakalayo, futhi zithuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwesistimu;ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms ezinombolo ahambisanayo, ukuhlaziywa okuhlukahlukene nokucubungula idatha yokuhlola kungenziwa ngokuqondile ngesikhathi sangempela;ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-GUI (isikhombi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi) ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenzelana okunobungane kanye nokusebenzisana kwekhompyutha yomuntu.
3. Uma kubhekwa ibhasi lekhompyutha kanye nebhasi lethuluzi le-modular, i-hardware yensimbi iyahlelwa futhi yenziwe nge-serialized, enciphisa kakhulu usayizi wesistimu futhi kusize ukwakhiwa kwezinsimbi ze-modular.
Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yezinsimbi ezibonakalayo
Ithuluzi elibonakalayo liqukethe amadivaysi ehadiwe nezindawo zokusebenzelana, isofthiwe yomshayeli wedivayisi kanye nephaneli yezinsimbi ezibonakalayo.Phakathi kwazo, amadivaysi e-Hardware kanye nokuxhumana kungaba amakhadi okusebenza asekelwe ku-PC ahlukahlukene, amakhadi esixhumi esibonakalayo sebhasi, amachweba we-serial, ukuxhumana kwethuluzi lebhasi le-VXI, njll., noma ezinye izinto zokuhlola zangaphandle ezihlelekayo, Isoftware yomshayeli wedivayisi uhlelo lomshayeli olulawula ngokuqondile ukuxhumana kwehadiwe okuhlukahlukene.Ithuluzi elibonakalayo lixhumana nesistimu yezinsimbi zangempela ngesofthiwe yomshayeli wedivayisi engaphansi, futhi ibonisa izici zokusebenza ezihambisanayo zephaneli yezinsimbi zangempela kusikrini sekhompyutha ngendlela yephaneli yensimbi ebonakalayo.Izilawuli ezihlukahlukene.Umsebenzisi usebenzisa iphaneli yensimbi ebonakalayo ngegundane njengento yangempela futhi elula njengokusebenzisa ithuluzi langempela.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa nokulawula kanye nethuluzi elikhulu kungokwesiko futhi kugcwele amathemba entuthuko.Kuthiwa ngeyendabuko ngoba inemvelaphi yakudala, ithuthuke amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ineqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi.Njengenhloko yendabuko, ifaka iziyalo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwenza ukuthi isenamandla aqinile.
Ngokuqhubeka nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe besimanje bokulinganisa nokulawula, ubuchwepheshe bezolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi kanye nobuchwepheshe bamakhompiyutha, sekuvule ithuba elisha lokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nentuthuko, okuzokhiqiza izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibucayi kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-21-2022